Page 16 - Dairy Dimension - Mar-Apr 2025

| Volume 1 | Issue 3 | Mar-Apr 2025 ARTICLE | Volume 1 | Issue 3 | Mar-Apr 2025

Advancing Dairy Science with Its high-resolution and reproducibility form the milk quality, product traceability, and preventing

adulteration in dairy products.
foundation for multivariate data analysis.
Metabolomics and Analytical Techniques NMR is emerging as a powerful tool in metabolomics, Goat Milk Yogurt
offering unbiased information about metabolite profiles.
in Goat Milk and Milk Products It is straightforward, largely automated, and non- GC-MS-based metabolomics has revealed how
fermentation conditions, starter cultures, and post-
destructive, allowing further analysis of samples. NMR is fermentation storage affect yogurt composition. Rehman
by Pratiksha, Heena Sharma, Gaurav Kr Deshwal, A K Singh and Hency Rose widely used for metabolite fingerprinting, profiling, and et al. (2023) identified 102 metabolites in goat milk
Dairy Technology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal flux analysis. However, its primary limitation is relatively yogurt, with 15 showing differential expression (p <
low sensitivity, making it less suitable for detecting low- 0.05), including 2-hydroxyethyl palmitate, α-mannobiose,
Introduction amino acids, abundance metabolites. and myo-inositol. Regression analysis highlighted
Milk and milk products are an important part of the carbohydrates, nucleic GC-MS-Based Metabolomics of Goat Milk and Milk methylamine (R² = 0.669) and myo-inositol (R² = 0.947) as
human diet in both developing and developed nations. acids, vitamins, organic Products key influencers of yogurt firmness and techno-functional
Goats are multi-utility, easy-to-maintain, and prolific acids, and polyphenols, all Metabolomics has become essential for evaluating the properties.
animals that efficiently convert minimal feed resources of which play vital roles in nutritional quality, authenticity, and safety of goat milk. Sun et al. (2021) used GC-MS to study metabolic changes
into valuable products. In India, the goat is often metabolism and Using advanced techniques such as GC-MS, researchers during fermentation. They observed dynamic shifts in
referred to as the “poor man's cow,” serving as a major physiological functions have identified key metabolites that define the unique volatile compounds, including 2-hydroxy-3-pentanone,
source of livelihood and nutritional security for small and (Wishart, 2008). properties of goat milk. These studies help assess benzaldehyde, octanoic acid,3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 2,3-
marginal farmers. Advanced analytical bioactive compounds with potential health benefits and butanedione, 2-decenal, hexanoic acid, hexanal,
Goat milk is a rich source of essential nutrients, including techniques used in provide insights into how genetic and environmental decanoic acid, 1-nonanol, and 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-
water, protein, fat, sugar, minerals, and vitamins, all of metabolomics include: Pratiksha factors influence milk composition. 3-ol. Notably,metabolites, 2-nonanol and 5-methyl-1-
which contribute to its high nutritional value. It is · NMR (Nuclear Nutritional Quality and Bioactive Compounds in hexanol were mainly detected during post-fermentation,
characterized by low allergenicity, alkalinity, high Magnetic Resonance) Goat Milk indicating ongoing metabolic activity even after
buffering capacity, and bioactive properties such as anti- · GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) One major finding from metabolomic studies is the fermentation ended.
inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, presence of bioactive compounds in goat milk that offer Conclusion and Future Prospects
· LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry)
making it highly beneficial in human nutrition and hypoallergenic and other health-promoting properties. Goat milk metabolomics offers a comprehensive
· CE-MS (Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry)
medicine. Compared to cow milk, goat milk has smaller Ballabio et al. (2011) showed that goat milk contains understanding of its chemical composition, bioactivity,
fat globules and a higher proportion of short- and · HPLC-UV (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography lower levels of α 1-casein—often responsible for allergic and functional potential. Techniques like GC-MS, LC-MS,
s
medium-chain fatty acids, which enhance its digestibility with UV Detection) reactions in cow milk. The study also highlighted the and NMR have significantly enhanced quality control,
and impart a distinctive flavor. · ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass presence of medium-chain fatty acids, such as capric, authenticity assessment, and the development of
Spectrometry)
Goat milk also contains a lower concentration of α 1- caprylic, and caproic acids, which support easier functional dairy products. Species-specific metabolic
s
casein, resulting in smaller casein micelles and reduced Metabolomics approaches can be categorized as digestion and have potential antibacterial effects. These differences underscore goat milk's unique advantages
hydrated pores, which contribute to its hypoallergenic targeted (focusing on known metabolites) and properties make goat milk a preferred alternative for over cow or sheep milk.
properties. The lower casein content, compared to cow untargeted (providing a broader overview, including individuals with cow milk protein allergies (CMPA) or Furthermore, fermentation and storage significantly
milk, is associated with slower coagulation and lower unknown metabolites). Among these, GC-MS is widely lactose intolerance. shape the metabolic profile of goat milk products,
yield during cheese manufacturing. used due to its efficiency and reproducibility. GC-MS- Metabolite Profiling of Goat vs. Bovine Milk affecting sensory attributes, texture, and product
based metabolomics requires high-throughput
Advanced analytical techniques used for Comparative metabolomic studies between goat and stability. Future research integrating metabolomics with
compositional analysis of milk capabilities for sample handling and accurate peak cow milk have identified species-specific metabolites. genomics and proteomics will deepen our
identification using standard retention times and mass
Metabolomics is a truly interdisciplinary field that spectra. Scano et al. (2014) found that valine and glycine are understanding of goat milk's health benefits and
combines analytical chemistry, platform technologies, prominent in goat milk, whereas talose and malic acid optimize its use in dairy technology and human
mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance To enable separation on a GC column, derivatization is are more characteristic of cow milk. These metabolites nutrition.
(NMR), and advanced data analysis. It offers a platform required to create volatile compounds. This allows the influence sensory attributes, digestibility, and nutritional Standardizing metabolomic methods, validating milk
for the comparative analysis of metabolites that reflect simultaneous profiling of several hundred metabolites, value, making goat milk suitable for individuals with quality biomarkers, and exploring metabolic pathways
dynamic cellular processes and homeostasis. including organic acids, amino acids, sugars, sugar dietary restrictions. will be essential for advancing dairy science. These
alcohols, aromatic amines, and fatty acids.
Metabolomics is a rapidly evolving “omics” field that LC-MS techniques employ soft ionization, making MS GC-MS has also identified biomarkers such as choline, efforts will help the dairy industry improve processing,
focuses on the comprehensive identification and citrate, valine, hippuric acid, 2-butanone, and lactate, ensure traceability, and create high-value goat milk
quantification of small molecules (<1500 Da) within more robust for daily use. LC-MS can generate lists of which serve as indicators of milk quality and traceability products that meet evolving consumer needs.
biological systems. These include fatty acids, peptides, m/z values, retention times, and relative abundances of (Suh et al., 2022). These markers are crucial for ensuring References are available upon request.
metabolites—some of which may remain unidentified.

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